
[The Mayflower, shown here in a rather romantic engraving.]
*According to the English the battle was fought on August 19th; since they lost, it's only fair that they also lose the right to select the day of the battle. ~ MSM
1583 -
Sir Humphrey Gilbert established England's first North American colony - at first little more than a seasonal fishing station - at
St. John's, Newfoundland, at the same time claiming the entire island and much of the sea around it in the name of
Elizabeth I.
1620 - The Mayflower - mastered by Christopher Jones - first attempted to depart England via Southampton on its first attempt to reach the New World; shortly after leaving port, her sister ship the Speedwell developed a leak, and the Pilgrim Fathers were forced to put in at Dartmouth in order to make necessary (and costly) repairs - and not for the last time, either. Later on, it would be revealed that the source of the damage to the Speedwell was sabotage by the crew, who were reluctant to take on such a lengthy, dangerous commitment for the poor compensation they were offered.
1716 - The
Battle of Petrovaradin took place, giving the
Habsburg Empire (with its Hungarian and Croatian allies) under
Prince Eugene of Savoy a decisive victory over the
Ottoman Empire and its commander, Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha, who died in battle.
1735 - In an important early victory for
freedom of the press,
New York Weekly Journal publisher
John Peter Zenger was acquitted of
seditious libel for criticizing the city's royal governor,
William Cosby, on the basis that what he'd published was true. Zenger's attorney in the action was
Andrew Hamilton, who defended him on a
pro bono basis; in gratitude, Hamilton was later awarded the freedom of the city of New York.
1763 - During the so-called
Pontiac's War, at the
Battle of Bushy Run, British forces led by
Henry Bouquet defeated a combined force of
Delaware,
Shawnee,
Mingo, and
Huron warriors under
Chief Pontiac's commanders
Guyasuta and Keekyuscung (who died in battle) at
Bushy Run in western Pennsylvania.
1772 - The
First Partition of Poland began; within 25 years the
three partitions in total would bring an end to the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1862 - At the
Battle of Baton Rouge - during the American Civil War - along the Mississippi River near the Louisiana capital Confederate troops drove Union forces back into the city.
1884 - The cornerstone of the
Statue of Liberty's pedestal was laid.
1906 - Sydney's
Central Railway Station was opened.
1925 - The political party
Plaid Cymru was established - partly to preserve
Welsh language and culture, which was then at risk of dying out - and partly to remove Wales from the political control of Great Britain in the most excruciatingly polite way possible - although Plaid Cymru members
David John Williams and
Lewis Valentine were jailed for their part in the September 1936 burning of the bombing school at
RAF Penrhos, an action which saw their membership numbers double.
1957 - After five years of local success in Philadelphia,
American Bandstand made its national TV debut on ABC affiliates in the United States, hosted by
Dick Clark. It ran daily during the week (either live or on kinescope) until 1963, when it became a weekly show, typically airing on Saturday afternoons. Turns out the show had a good beat and you could dance to it; it ran until 1989.
1962 -
Nelson Mandela was captured and imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. He would spend 18 of his 27 years in jail at
Robben Island; in 1982 he was moved to
Pollsmoor and subsequently
Victor Verster Prison, from which he was famously released in
February 1990.
1964 - American aircraft from carriers
USS Ticonderoga and
USS Constellation bombed North Vietnam as part of
Operation Pierce Arrow in retaliation for strikes against US destroyers in the
Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The effective start of the air portion of the
Vietnam War, the operation yielded the conflict's first prisoner of war,
Everett Alvarez Jr., who endured 8 and a half years of torture while in captivity.
1981 - US President
Ronald Reagan fired 11,359 striking air traffic controllers, which I'm sure had nothing whatsoever to do with the major increase in airline fatalities through the 1980s. After all, who cares about public safety when there's a union to be broken?
*
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