[Perched high atop a volcanic crag which is itself a part of the Stirling Sill geological formation, Stirling Castle has seen at least eight (and as many as sixteen) sieges over the years - the last of these by Bonnie Prince Charlie during the Jacobite Rising in January 1746 - although surely none of them compare to the daily influx of tourists visiting the Scheduled Ancient Monument as guests of Historic Scotland!]
9 CE - Arminius' alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
1379 - The Treaty of Neuberg - which split the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Dukes Albert III and Leopold III - was signed at Neuberg an der Mürz; its signing also brought about a split in the dynasty between Albertinian and Leopoldinian lines.
1493 - The Battle of Krbava field - a decisive defeat during the Croatian struggle against invaders of the Ottoman Empire - saw the army of Ban Mirko Derenčin decimated by those of Bayezid II.
1513 - Scotland's King James IV was defeated (and died) in the Battle of Flodden Field, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.
1543 - Nine-month-old Mary, Queen of Scots, was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle.
1914 - The first entirely mechanized unit in the British Army - the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade - was created.
1923 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey, established the Republican People's Party (CHP).
1944 - The Fatherland Front led by Kimon Georgiev took power in Bulgaria through a military coup in the capital and armed rebellion in the countryside, following which a new pro-Soviet government was established.
1945 - Following the Second Sino-Japanese War Japan formally surrendered to China.
1948 - Republic Day in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea saw the formal division of Korea into North and South after the withdrawal of colonial rule by the Empire of Japan following its defeat in World War II.
1970 - A British airliner, BOAC Flight 775, was hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and flown to Jordan's Dawson's Field.
1971 - British diplomat Geoffrey Jackson was released from captivity in Uruguay; Jackson had been abducted by Tupamaros guerrillas on January 8th.
1987 - 25 football fans from Liverpool were extradited to Belgium to stand trial for their role in the Heysel stadium disaster.
1988 - Hot on the heels of the so-called Summer of Four Captains, Graham Gooch and seven other members of England's cricket team were refused visas to India owing to their involvement in the so-called South African rebel tour of 1982, effectively canceling their scheduled tour of the subcontinent; an alternative tour, to New Zealand, was also called off in December as South Africa was then facing increasing international censure for its adherence to apartheid.
1990 - During the Batticaloa massacre 184 Tamil civilians were killed by the Sri Lankan Army in that country's eastern Batticaloa District.
1991 - Tajikstan gained its independence from the Soviet Union.
1993 - The Palestine Liberation Organization officially recognized Israel as a legitimate state.
2001 - Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of Afghanistan's Northern Alliance, was assassinated.
2004 - A bomb exploded outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing 11 people.
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