1358 - The
Republic of Dubrovnik was established, under the terms of the
Treaty of Zadar - which had been signed the previous February 18th by King
Louis I of Hungary and Croatia and Archbishop Ivan Saraka at
Visegrád; the treaty effectively divested the
Republic of Venice of all its holdings in
Dalmatia, among the richest of which was Dubrovnik itself.
1743 - At the
Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria - during the
War of the Austrian Succession -
George II (
shown, at right, on the obverse of a half-crown*) personally led troops into battle; it would be the last time a British monarch would command an army in the field, although he mainly did so in his role as Elector of Hanover rather than as King of England. For the record, His Majesty's men soundly defeated the troops of France's
duc de Noailles and
duc de Gramont in support of Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI's
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, which had guaranteed the accession of
Maria-Theresa as ruler of Austria and Hungary in 1741 - although they'd mainly done so to piss off France, who had long been opposed to the idea of a woman serving as sovereign**. Both the
Dettingen Te Deum and
Dettingen Anthem were composed by
George Frideric Handel immediately following the hostilities in commemoration and first performed in the King's presence that November; even more lastingly the gentlemanly refusal to treat wounded soldiers on either side as prisoners of war is said to have served as the forerunner of the
Geneva Convention.
*Minted from silver seized from a Spanish treasure fleet off the Peruvian capital.
**In fact, ever since their King Philip V enthusiastically embraced the Salic Law (originally codified by Clovis I early in the 6th Century) in order to prevent the agnatic succession of his niece Joan in 1316.
1806 - The city of Buenos Aires was captured during the
British invasions of the Río de la Plata.
1844 -
Joseph Smith, Jr. - founder of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - and his brother
Hyrum Smith were
murdered by a mob at the jail in Carthage, Illinois.
1898 - Canadian
Joshua Slocum sailed into Newport, Rhode Island, having completed the first solo circumnavigation of the Earth onboard
Spray, and having sailed some 74,000 km (46,000 miles) since their departure from Boston in April 1895.
1905 - Sailors
mutinied aboard the Russian battleship
Potemkin, an event later made even more famous in the
film by
Sergei Eisenstein.
1923 - Capt.
Lowell H. Smith and Lt. John P. Richter performed the first ever aerial refueling, in a
DH-4B biplane.
1941 - Nazi troops capture the city of
Białystok during
Operation Barbarossa.
1950 - The US - backed by the United Nations - decided to send troops to fight in the
Korean Conflict.
1954 - The world's first nuclear power station opened at
Obninsk, near Moscow.
1957 -
Hurricane Audrey made landfall near the Louisiana/Texas border, eventually killing 500 people.
1966 - The daily soap opera Dark Shadows debuted on ABC-TV; it would eventually run for 1,225 episodes before it was taken off the air in April 1971.
1967 - The first electronic
Automated Teller Machine (or 'ATM', as the kids have taken to calling them these days) was installed by
Barclay's at
Enfield Town, in North London;
designed by
John Shepherd-Barron for the printing firm
De La Rue, its first user was
Reg Varney, the popular star of ITV's successful sitcom
On The Buses (
shown at right, demonstrating the machine). Rather than a plastic card this early ATM took special cheques, and dispensed at most £10 with the aid of a four-digit PIN number, the concept of which had occurred to
James Goodfellow as early as 1965... A year after Barclay's machine opened an American inventor from Dallas named
Donald Wetzel created the networked ATM, and the world was changed forever. Of course the first such machine - which was merely mechanical and not electronic, as designed and built by
Luther George Simjian - had been installed at a branch of
City Bank of New York in 1939; that one, though, was removed after just six months when it failed to garner enough customer interest.
1973 -
Juan María Bordaberry, President of Uruguay, dissolved Parliament and headed a coup d'état.
1976 - Air France
Flight 139 (on a flight from Tel Aviv to Paris via Athens) was hijacked en route by the
PLO and redirected to Uganda's
Entebbe Airport... Operation Entebbe - originally called Operation Thunderball but later renamed Operation Yonatan for
Sayeret Matkal commander Lt.-Col.
Yonatan 'Yoni' Netanyahu* who was killed during the action - would later be carried out on the night of
July 3rd-4th to rescue the hijacked passengers; the incident inspired several dramatizations, the most popular of which were
Marvin J. Chomsky's
Victory at Entebbe (1976) and
Raid On Entebbe (1977), directed by
Irvin Kershner.
*The older brother of future Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
1985 - America's fabled
Route 66 - first opened in
November 1926 between Chicago to Los Angeles - ceased to be an official highway, although traces of it have been preserved for the purpose of tourism.
1991 - Two days after
Slovenia declared its independence the newly minted country was invaded by its former overlord, Yugoslavia, which sent in troops, tanks, and aircraft -
provoking the
Ten-Day War.
2003 - The
United States National Do Not Call Registry - created to combat unwanted telemarketing calls and administered by the
Federal Trade Commission - enrolled almost three-quarters of a million phone numbers on its first day.
2007 - Prime Minister
Tony Blair formally submitted his resignation to Queen
Elizabeth II. About five years too late, but there you have it...
*
I genuinely like Tobey's work, from Pleasantville to Seabiscuit and even in the Spider-Man films. I rather like the idea of a quiet, slender action star in a field typically dominated by arrogant muscle-bound airheads.
