[It's always interested me how, from the vast number of pictures taken, some of them - like John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winner of 14 year-old runaway Mary Ann Vecchio keening over the dead body of Jeffrey Miller moments after he was shot and killed while protesting the US invasion of Cambodia - end up becoming iconic. Certainly the award helps, since it guarantees a wider distribution, but three other students - Allison Beth Krause, Sandra Lee Scheuer, and William Knox Schroeder - were also killed that terrible day in 1970 at Kent State, and it seems no similar photos exist of their tragic deaths under such ugly circumstances.]
1415 - Religious reformers
John Wycliffe and
Jan Hus were condemned as heretics at the
Council of Constance; initially called by
Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to try and solve the
Western Schism (caused by there being three popes simultaneously, which is almost too many to fit in a Volkswagen, or its 15th Century equivalent anyway) the Council also ruled on issues of national sovereignty versus papal authority, the rights of pagans, and what constituted a just war. The chief result of the Council, though, was a book entitled
Ars moriendi, or
The Art of Dying.
1471 - During the
Wars of the Roses,
Edward IV defeated a Lancastrian army at the
Battle of Tewkesbury and killed
Edward of Westminster - son of
Henry VI and
Margaret of Anjou - making him the only
Prince of Wales to ever die in battle. His widow,
Anne Neville, later married the man who became
Richard III.
1493 - Pope
Alexander VI divided the New World between Spain and Portugal along the
Demarcation Line in the papal bull
Inter Caetera.
1626 - Dutch explorer
Peter Minuit arrived in
New Netherland (now better known as Manhattan) aboard the
See Meeuw to take up his post as third director-general of the
Dutch West India Company.
1814 - The former French Emperor
Napoleon Bonaparte came ashore at
Portoferraio on the island of Elba to begin his exile, having arrived in the middle of the night before.
1859 - The
Cornwall Railway was opened by
Albert, Prince Consort, linking Plymouth in Devon with Falmouth in Cornwall across the
Royal Albert Bridge (which he'd also opened, two days earlier) .
1869 - The
Naval Battle of Hakodate took place off the coast of
HokkaidÅ, between whatever boats the crumbling
Tokugawa shogunate could muster and the
Imperial Japanese Navy; an imperial victory hastened the demise of the already waning
Boshin War and greatly strengthened the position and prestige of
Emperor Meiji.
1886 - At the
Haymarket Square Riot a bomb was thrown at policemen trying to break up a labor rally in Chicago, killing constable Mathias J. Degan; in retaliation the police fired into the crowd, themselves killing ten and wounding as many as 60, although many of the injured may have succumbed to friendly fire.
1904 - The United States began construction on the
Panama Canal; the canal was an initiative of President
Theodore Roosevelt, who later appointed
John Frank Stevens as Chief Engineer on the project.
1910 - The
Royal Canadian Navy was created under the leadership of Rear-Admiral
Charles Kingsmill.
1924 - The
1924 Summer Olympics opened in Paris; it would be the last Olympiad organized by
Pierre de Coubertin.
1932 - Mobster
Al Capone began serving an eleven-year prison sentence for tax evasion at the
Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta; while there he played the bigshot, which resulted in his transfer to
Alcatraz in August 1934.
1949 - The entire
Torino F. C. (except for one player who did not take the trip due to an injury) were killed in a
plane crash near the
Basilica of Superga on the outskirts of Torino, in Italy.
1953 -
Ernest Hemingway was awarded the
Pulitzer Prize for his
novel The Old Man and the Sea.
1961 - During the
American Civil Rights Movement the
Freedom Riders began a series of bus trips through the South - from Washington, DC, to New Orleans - in order to test a Supreme Court decision known as
Boynton v. Virginia. Along the way the riders were harassed, attacked, and arrested. By September more than 450 riders had participated in at least one of 60 rides, and succeeded in embarrassing the Kennedy Administration, which had previously been lax in its attempts to end racial segregation.
1970 - The Ohio National Guard - sent to Kent State University after the ROTC building there was burnt down by protesters opposed to the Vietnam War - specifically the US invasion of Cambodia - opened fire on unarmed students, killing four and wounding nine others.
1980 - President-for-Life
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia forfeited his title at the age of 87.
1982 - The British destroyer
HMS Sheffield was
hit by an Argentinian
Exocet missile during the
Falklands War, killing 20; after the ship was struck the surviving crew, waiting to be rescued, sang
Always Look on the Bright Side of Life from
Monty Python's
Life of Brian to keep their spirits up. While not destroyed in the attack, the ship foundered six days later in high seas while being towed back to England by
HMS Yarmouth for repairs.
2000 -
Ken Livingstone became the first
Mayor of London; re-elected once, he was denied a third term by
Boris Johnson in 2008.
*
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