[Voyager 2 passed Neptune on this day in 1989;
at 4.3 billion km (2.7 billion miles) from Earth, it's still closer
to the Baseball Hall of Fame than Pete Rose.]
79 CE - The eruption of
Mount Vesuvius buried the Roman resort towns of
Pompeii,
Herculaneum, and
Stabiae under 2 metres or more of volcanic ash and pumice.
1215 - Pope
Innocent III declared the
Magna Carta invalid; obviously, interfering in the political affairs of sovereign nations has long been a favourite pastime of the Vatican.
1456 - Legend has it the first printing of the
Gutenberg Bible was completed in the German town of Mainz.
1572 - On the orders of France's King
Charles IX a massacre of
Huguenots began, on St. Bartholomew's Day; believed to have been instigated by France's Queen Mother
Catherine de' Medici, the
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre remains the darkest part of the
French Wars of Religion.
1690 -
Kolkata, India was founded by the
British East India Company on the site of three villages thought to have been inhabited for more than two thousand years.
1814 - Canadian forces under the command of British general
Robert Ross and Admiral Sir
George Cockburn led an
invasion of Washington DC which left much of the city - including the
White House,
Library of Congress, and
Capitol Building - in ruins in retaliation for the earlier
sacking and burning of
York (now called Toronto).
1821 - The
Treaty of Córdoba was signed in
Córdoba, concluding the
Mexican War of Independence from Spain.
1847 -
Charlotte Brontë finished writing
Jane Eyre.
1891 - The
motion picture camera - which he called a Kinetograph - was patented by
Thomas Edison.
1931 - Just two years into its electoral mandate, the United Kingdom's
Second Labour Government under
Ramsay MacDonald resigned
en masse as the Great Depression deepened; this led to the formation of the so-called
National Government, theoretically
comprised of members from all parties but dominated by Labour members, with MacDonald still in charge at
Number 10.
1932 -
Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the United States.
1937 - During the
Spanish Civil War, the
Basque Army surrendered to the Italian
Corpo Truppe Volontarie following the
Santoña Agreement.
1950 -
Edith Sampson was named the first black woman to represent the US at the United Nations.
1954 - Brazilian president
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas committed suicide in the
Catete Palace, leaving behind a suicide note known as the
Carta Testamento; he was succeeded by
João Café Filho.
1967 - Led by
Abbie Hoffman, a group of
hippies temporarily disrupted trading at the
New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing a cease in trading as the brokers scrambled to grab them up.
1981 -
Mark David Chapman was sentenced to serve 20 years to life for the murder of
John Lennon; he's been denied parole a total of five occasions since October 2000.
1989 -
Cincinnati Reds manager
Pete Rose was banned from baseball for gambling by Commissioner
A. Bartlett Giamatti.
1991 -
Ukraine seceded from the Soviet Union.
1992 -
Hurricane Andrew made landfall in
South Florida as a Category 5
hurricane.
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