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[Napoleon's invasion of Russia didn't go so well - for Napoleon, that is; for Russian culture, though, it proved a boon - being responsible for both Tolstoy's War and Peace and Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture plus the above painting of the French dictator's calamitous retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.]
1216 - England's King
John died; he was succeeded by his 9 year-old son
Henry III, whose early reign would be guided by the regency of
William Marshal.
1469 -
Ferdinand II of Aragon married
Isabella of Castile; famed as the sponsors of
Christopher Columbus, their marriage would forge the modern nation of Spain under their grandson Charles I of Spain, who later became Holy Roman Emperor as
Charles V.
1781 - At
Yorktown, Virginia, representatives of British commander
Lord Cornwallis handed over Cornwallis' sword and formally surrendered in person to
George Washington and the
comte de Rochambeau, ending the
American Revolutionary War.
1812 - Napoleon retreated from Moscow.
1813 - The
Battle of Leipzig concluded, giving Napoleon one of the worst defeats of his military career.
1864 - At the
Battle of Cedar Creek the Union Army under
Philip Sheridan destroyed its Confederate rival under
Jubal Early.
1914 - The
First Battle of Ypres began in Belgium during the terrible conflict known at the time as the Great War, which we now know as World War I.
1917 -
Love Field opened in Dallas, Texas; the smaller of two airports now serving the city was the only one in town until 1974. Love Field would later become famous for the role it played in the
assassination of President
John F. Kennedy in November 1963.
1921 -
António Granjo, the Prime Minister of Portugal, was one of three politicians killed during a coup in Lisbon, since known as
Noite Sangrenta; the other two were
Machado Santos and
Carlos da Maia.
1943 -
Streptomycin, the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, was isolated by
Albert Schatz, a graduate student, in the laboratory of
Selman Abraham Waksman at
Rutgers University.
1954 - The first ascent of
Cho Oyu - the sixth-highest peak on Earth - was made by
Herbert Tichy, Joseph Jöchler, and
Sherpa Pasang Dawa Lama as part of an Austrian expedition.
1960 - The first partial
embargo was put on Cuban goods by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
1974 -
Niue became a self-governing colony of New Zealand.
1983 -
Maurice Bishop,
Prime Minister of Grenada, was overthrown and executed in a military
coup d'état led by
Bernard Coard.
1985 - The first
Blockbuster Video opened in Dallas.
1986 -
Samora Machel, President of Mozambique and a prominent leader of
FRELIMO, died along with 33 others when their
Tupolev 134 plane
crashed into the
Lebombo Mountains.
1987 - On the so-called
Black Monday the
Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 22%, or 508 points, to 1738.74 in one day.
1989 - The convictions of the so-called
Guildford Four were
overturned by the
Court of Appeal; by then the four - Paul Michael Hill, Gerard 'Gerry' Conlon, Patrick 'Paddy' Armstrong, and Carole Richardson - had already spent 15 years in prison owing to a miscarriage of justice.
2005 -
Saddam Hussein went on
trial,
convicted of crimes against humanity by the
Iraqi Special Tribunal.
*
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