Bonus Video: "America" from "West Side Story"

I've posted it before, and I'm likely to post it again, but when a thing is as excellent as this - containing, as it does, three kinds of win: the Leonard Bernstein-Stephen Sondheim collaboration America, a scene from the 1961 film West Side Story, and Rita Moreno* - you know I'm gonna continue to look for reasons to post it again and again!

*Oh, and the altogether scrumptious George Chakiris as well!
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Pop History Moment: Lou Gehrig Announces His Retirement

Throughout his career in baseball, Lou Gehrig was known as 'the Iron Horse' for both his speed and strength; over the course of 15 consecutive seasons with the New York Yankees he was a reliable hitter - and not just because of his reliability in the dugout. All told, Gehrig played in 2,130 consecutive games* during which he racked up an amazing 23 career grand slams, a record which still stands more than 70 years after his retirement. His lifetime batting average was .340, lifetime on-base percentage .447, and lifetime slugging percentage was .632; these are the kind of stats that aren't found too readily in the game today - and are even more incredible when considering that they were achieved without either performance enhancing drugs or the benefit of modern sports medicine and/or the rest of the rigamarole** currently available to professional athletes.

All of which made his retirement - on this day in 1939 - the more shocking; he was, after all, just 36 years old and otherwise at the top of his game, although his final season had been off, especially compared to the performance he turned in during 1937. Gehrig had been stricken by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - a disease which would forever after bear his name; it would take just under two years for the disease to render the once-superlative athlete a withered corpse...

In all 61,808 fans - including his one-time rival Babe Ruth and New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia - gathered at Yankee Stadium on 'Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day', as witnessed by the footage posted above. Between games of an Independence Day double header with the Washington Senators Gehrig was hailed by all and sundry, presented with a trophy by team manager Joe McCarthy, became the first player in the history of major league baseball to have his number (4) retired, and made a speech which has continued to resonate ever since, in which he left no gut unwrenched by categorizing himself as 'the luckiest man on the face of the Earth'...



When it comes to history Hollywood often doesn't get it right; when they do, though, do they ever - and they really knocked one out of the park with The Pride of the Yankees. Starring Gary Cooper, an actor every bit as revered for his low-key nature and quiet masculinity as Gehrig was, director Sam Wood's 1942 biopic managed to be hyperbolic and accurate simultaneously, mainly because his subject was just that good a man. Teresa Wright co-starred as Gehrig's wife Eleanor, and Gehrig's team-mates Babe Ruth, Bob Meusel, Mark Koenig and Bill Dickey appeared in the film as themselves, so as to honour the memory of their fallen colleague.

*A record only broken by Cal Ripken, Jr., of the Baltimore Orioles in September 1995.
**Diet, exercise, massage, acupuncture, dating Madonna, and so on and so forth...
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"America" by Allen Ginsberg

America I've given you all and now I'm nothing.
America two dollars and twenty-seven cents January 17, 1956.
I can't stand my own mind.
America when will we end the human war?
Go fuck yourself with your atom bomb
I don't feel good don't bother me.
I won't write my poem till I'm in my right mind.
America when will you be angelic?
When will you take off your clothes?
When will you look at yourself through the grave?
When will you be worthy of your million Trotskyites?
America why are your libraries full of tears?
America when will you send your eggs to India?
I'm sick of your insane demands.
When can I go into the supermarket and buy what I need with my good looks?
America after all it is you and I who are perfect not the next world.
Your machinery is too much for me.
You made me want to be a saint.
There must be some other way to settle this argument.
Burroughs is in Tangiers I don't think he'll come back it's sinister.
Are you being sinister or is this some form of practical joke?
I'm trying to come to the point.
I refuse to give up my obsession.
America stop pushing I know what I'm doing.
America the plum blossoms are falling.
I haven't read the newspapers for months, everyday somebody goes on trial for
murder.
America I feel sentimental about the Wobblies.
America I used to be a communist when I was a kid and I'm not sorry.
I smoke marijuana every chance I get.
I sit in my house for days on end and stare at the roses in the closet.
When I go to Chinatown I get drunk and never get laid.
My mind is made up there's going to be trouble.
You should have seen me reading Marx.
My psychoanalyst thinks I'm perfectly right.
I won't say the Lord's Prayer.
I have mystical visions and cosmic vibrations.
America I still haven't told you what you did to Uncle Max after he came over
from Russia.

I'm addressing you.
Are you going to let our emotional life be run by Time Magazine?
I'm obsessed by Time Magazine.
I read it every week.
Its cover stares at me every time I slink past the corner candystore.
I read it in the basement of the Berkeley Public Library.
It's always telling me about responsibility. Businessmen are serious. Movie
producers are serious. Everybody's serious but me.
It occurs to me that I am America.
I am talking to myself again.

Asia is rising against me.
I haven't got a chinaman's chance.
I'd better consider my national resources.
My national resources consist of two joints of marijuana millions of genitals
an unpublishable private literature that goes 1400 miles and hour and
twentyfivethousand mental institutions.
I say nothing about my prisons nor the millions of underpriviliged who live in
my flowerpots under the light of five hundred suns.
I have abolished the whorehouses of France, Tangiers is the next to go.
My ambition is to be President despite the fact that I'm a Catholic.

America how can I write a holy litany in your silly mood?
I will continue like Henry Ford my strophes are as individual as his
automobiles more so they're all different sexes
America I will sell you strophes $2500 apiece $500 down on your old strophe
America free Tom Mooney
America save the Spanish Loyalists
America Sacco & Vanzetti must not die
America I am the Scottsboro boys.
America when I was seven momma took me to Communist Cell meetings they
sold us garbanzos a handful per ticket a ticket costs a nickel and the
speeches were free everybody was angelic and sentimental about the
workers it was all so sincere you have no idea what a good thing the party
was in 1935 Scott Nearing was a grand old man a real mensch Mother
Bloor made me cry I once saw Israel Amter plain. Everybody must have
been a spy.
America you don're really want to go to war.
America it's them bad Russians.
Them Russians them Russians and them Chinamen. And them Russians.
The Russia wants to eat us alive. The Russia's power mad. She wants to take
our cars from out our garages.
Her wants to grab Chicago. Her needs a Red Reader's Digest. her wants our
auto plants in Siberia. Him big bureaucracy running our fillingstations.
That no good. Ugh. Him makes Indians learn read. Him need big black niggers.
Hah. Her make us all work sixteen hours a day. Help.
America this is quite serious.
America this is the impression I get from looking in the television set.
America is this correct?
I'd better get right down to the job.
It's true I don't want to join the Army or turn lathes in precision parts
factories, I'm nearsighted and psychopathic anyway.
America I'm putting my queer shoulder to the wheel.
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POPnews - July 4th

[Located midway between Montreal and Quebec City - where the Saint-Maurice River empties into the St. Lawrence River across from the city of Bécancour - Trois-Rivières is Canada's oldest industrial city; a foundry known as Forges du Saint-Maurice existed there as early as March 1730, although today the city is better known as the 'National Poetry Capital of Quebec'.]

836 CE - Pactum Sicardi - a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples - was signed.

993 CE - On the authority of Pope John XV Ulrich of Augsburg became the first Catholic saint to be officially canonized by the Vatican (rather than by public acclaim), twenty years to the day after his martyrdom.

1120 - Jordan II of Capua was anointed as prince after the death of his infant nephew, Richard III of Capua.

1187 - At the Battle of Hattin the Ayyubid commander Saladin defeated Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

1253 - At the Battle of West-Capelle, John I of Avesnes defeated Guy of Dampierre.

1359 - Francesco II Ordelaffi surrendered the fortified town of Forlì to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.

1456 - As part of the Ottoman invasion of Europe, the Siege of Belgrade began; defense of the city was prepared by John Hunyadi, who was ultimately successful in repelling the forces of Mehmed II but not so fortunate in warding off the plague, which would claim his life in August.

1534 - Christian III was elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.

1634 - The city of Trois-Rivières - only the second permanent settlement in New France - was founded by the Sieur of Laviolette.

1837 - The Grand Junction Railway - the world's first long-distance railway - opened between Birmingham and Liverpool.

1840 - The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departed from Liverpool bound for Halifax on the first transatlantic crossing with a scheduled end.

1879 - During the final battle of the Anglo-Zulu War the Zululand capital of Ulundi was captured by British troops and burnt to the ground, forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.

1886 - The first scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrived in the British Columbia town of Port Moody, an event still celebrated there as Golden Spike Days.

1918 - Sultan Mehmed VI ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire, little knowing he would be the last to do so.

1941 - Nazi Germany's massacre of Polish scientists and writers occurred in the captured Ukrainian city of Lwów.

1950 - Radio Free Europe made its first broadcast - from Munich, into Czechoslovakia.

1976 - Israeli commandos raided Uganda's Entebbe Airport, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized there by Palestinian terrorists the previous week.

1982 - Four Iranian diplomats - Ahmad Motevaselian, Seyed Mohsen Mousavi, Taghi Rastegar Moghadam, and Kazem Akhavan - were kidnapped by militia at a checkpoint in northern Lebanon; they were never released, nor were their remains ever found, and no one ever claimed responsibility for their deaths.

1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (also known as the 'Butcher of Lyon') was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment; he died four years later of leukemia, still a kinder death than any of the 4,000 he personally committed.
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"America" by Simon and Garfunkel

In honour of the Fourth of July (and by way of reparations for the last video I posted) I decided to choose a decidedly more patriotic clip to show this time around.

America first appeared on the 1968 Simon and Garfunkel album Bookends, and is one of my favourite songs about the US; when I first posted it, I used a now lost clip from The Concert in Central Park* - a reunion of former harmonizers Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, who broke up in 1970 but seem to have stayed on pretty good terms despite it all. I've had to replace it now with a newer clip of them performing the song on Late Show with David Letterman.

*As many as 750,000 people attended the concert, which was held on the Great Lawn of New York City's Central Park in September 1981.
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Happy Birthday Koko

Koko is a lowland gorilla who was born in San Francisco on this day in 1971; according to her trainers, Koko (a diminutive form of Hanabi-Ko, or 'fireworks child' in Japanese, seeing as she was born on a day renowned for its pyrotechnic displays) can understand more than 1,000 signs in American Sign Language and understand 2,000 words of English besides.

As early as 1977 Koko was attracting attention for her ability to communicate using sign language. She has also created art using both brush and camera, kept pets (such as cats), and has a pronounced fetish for nipples (whether male or female).

There is a debate among scholars whether Koko's intellect is spontaneous or merely as a result of acculturation; either way, as long as she keeps everybody guessing, the Pop Culture Institute will continue to hail our talented cousin.  Heck, if she can learn to write down any of those 2000 words she can even have a job here - despite being totally over-qualified!
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In Memoriam: Louis B. Mayer

Would it surprise anyone to learn that one of the foremost merchants of the American Dream was a scrap metal dealer from Minsk, who came to Hollywood by way of Saint John, New Brunswick, and was born on this of all days?

While such a revelation might startle only a few of the most naive people today, back in the Thirties and Forties it might have been quite a shock indeed; yet Louis B. Mayer was just such a man.

Mayer's imprint upon the American film industry is indelible. He is generally credited with the expansion of the star system (if not its creation, which can better be credited to the Biograph Studios, who created the first movie star*). While chairman of MGM - he was the second M - the studio's slogan boasted 'more stars than there are in the Heavens', which was not entirely hyperbolic. Most of MGM's movies from that era did not have casts so much as constellations; even the supporting artists and extras were famous at MGM.

Mayer was the first studio head to earn more than a million dollars a year, which he did beginning in 1936; he made MGM so profitable, even during the Great Depression, that the studio was the only one to pay its shareholders dividends in every year of the 1930s. And to think it all started from the Gem Theatre, a dilapidated burlesque house in Haverhill, Massachusetts, which Mayer renovated and opened as the Orpheum in November 1907.

Mayer was also instrumental in the establishment of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, along with its annual reacharound festival known as the Oscars; he died in October 1957, just as the studio system in which he so fervently believed was beginning to crumble.

*The delightfully named Florence Lawrence.
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"That's America" by Bruce McCulloch

The degree to which the accompanying clip offends you is likely to be in direct correlation to how true you think it is; even if deployed with the best of intentions, the truth hurts, and alas some of the sentiments contained herein may sting. I would rate this NSFW*.

It's not the best quality version of this piece, which Bruce McCulloch - founding member of Canada's pioneering comedy troupe The Kids in the Hall - originally performed on their show in the early 1990s, and later refined for his uproarious 1995 album Shame-Based Man; for one thing, whomever recorded it cut off the last line, which is: 'America, a place for Americans...'

Still, would the Fourth of July at the Pop Culture Institute be complete without a little genial, well-intended, even light-hearted poking of fun at a country that could easily wipe Canada (and thus the PCI) off the map with just ten well-aimed nukes? No, I say; indeed, non as well.

*Not Suitable For Wussies.

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POPnews (US) - Fourth of July Special Edition

1636 - The city of Providence, Rhode Island - the jewel of Narragansett Bay - was founded by Roger Williams, a religious kook who was too religiously kooky even for the Massachusetts Bay Colony which had exiled him.

1712 - 11 slaves were executed in Manhattan for their alleged part in a slave revolt; there exists no credible evidence that any such uprising was in the offing, which didn't stop Bancroft Prize-winning historian Jill Lepore from crafting an exquisite work entitled New York Burning from the story, although her work chiefly concerns another equally spurious albeit more famous conspiracy from 1741.

1776 - The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed by the Second Continental Congress.

1803 - The Louisiana Purchase was announced to the American people; this single act by the Administration of President Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the country, as well as opening up the Mississippi River to shipping.

1817 - Construction of the Erie Canal was begun near Rome, New York.

1827 - Slavery was abolished in New York State.

1845 - Henry David Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond, near Concord, Massachusetts; the result of his experience later formed the basis for his book Walden.

1855 - Walt Whitman's landmark book Leaves of Grass was published in Brooklyn.

1886 - The people of France offered the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States.

1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole; the republic was annexed by the United States on the same day four years later.

1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocked out white boxer James J. Jeffries at a heavyweight boxing match promoted by Tex Rickard in Reno, sparking race riots across the United States.

1939 - New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig announced his retirement from professional baseball, telling a capacity crowd at Yankee Stadium that he felt like 'the luckiest man on the face of the Earth'; he died of amyotrophic lateral sclerois (ALS, known as Lou Gehrig's disease) in June 1941.

1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Freedom of Information Act, which went into effect the following year.

1969 - The Ohio Fireworks Derecho killed 18 and destroyed over 100 boats on Lake Erie.

1970 - American Top 40 made its radio debut, hosted by Casey Kasem. Kasem left the show in 2004; it's currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest.

1992 - The USS George Washington (CVN-73), a Nimitz Class aircraft carrier of the United States Navy, was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia.

1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe landed on the surface of Mars.

2006 - Space Shuttle Discovery was launched towards the International Space Station on its mission, known as STS-121.

2007 - The Zaca Fire started in Santa Barbara, California, becoming the second-largest fire in California history.
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Good Fourth of July!

To all my American readers (and those - like me - who love them) have a safe and happy Fourth of July!
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"A Little Respect" by Erasure

At this time, in the space of days that separate Canada Day from Independence Day, it is the mandate of the Pop Culture Institute to encourage men of all nations to come together in brotherly love - and not just in a gay porn way, either, although it scarcely needs to be said we're totally cool with however you choose to do it - so long as you'd be so good as to send us a video file of your raunchier efforts.

A Little Respect earned itself and its performers - Vince Clarke and Andy Bell of Erasure - considerable respect; the band's tenth single, the song was actually the third European (and second American) release from the band's 1988 album The Innocents, which was itself their third studio recording. It's shown here in a live version from the Prince's Trust concert in 1989.


Whereas I once found this track's synth-driven opening sterile and lacking in the atmosphere I normally look for in pop music, over the years I have come to give it a lot of respect; in 1990 I attended a concert by Erasure in Vancouver's Pacific Coliseum as a reviewer for the now-defunct publication Angles, and the fact that they nearly brought down that gloomy old concrete monstrosity with their high energy live show and particularly spirited rendition of this very song did much to encourage my appreciation of it - an appreciation which now borders on reverence.
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Happy Birthday Vince Clarke

What straight man has given more to gay music than Vince Clarke?

As part of Depeche Mode, Yazoo, and finally Erasure, Vince Clarke is responsible for much of the world's cardio; my Body Mass Index* and I will be forever grateful to you, sir.

(True Story: When I once asked for this haircut - way back in those halcyon days of circa 1984 - my mother almost died. Alas, she lived, and I never got the haircut. Now I haven't got enough hair to complete this look, but if I ever do get hair plugs it'll be so that I can, and this time the old bag can just suffer...)**

*Or at least the Body Mass Index I had when I was 20...
**Kidding...
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"Dawn's Highway" by Jim Morrison

Indians scattered on dawn's highway bleeding
Ghosts crowd the young child's fragile eggshell mind.
Me and my -ah- mother and father - and a
grandmother and a grandfather - were driving through
the desert, at dawn, and a truck load of Indian
workers had either hit another car, or just - I don't
know what happened - but there were Indians scattered
all over the highway, bleeding to death.
So the car pulls up and stops. That was the first time
I tasted fear. I musta' been about four - like a child is
like a flower, his head is just floating in the
breeze, man.
The reaction I get now thinking about it, looking
back - is that the souls of the ghosts of those dead
Indians...maybe one or two of 'em...were just
running around freaking out, and just leaped into my
soul. And they're still in there.
Indians scattered on dawn's highway bleeding
Ghosts crowd the young child's fragile eggshell mind.
Blood in the streets in the town of New Haven
Blood stains the roofs and the palm trees of Venice
Blood in my love in the terrible summer
Bloody red sun of Phantastic L.A.
Blood screams her brain as they chop off her fingers
Blood will be born in the birth if a nation
Blood is the rose of mysterious union
Blood on the rise, it's following me.
Indian, Indian what did you die for?
Indian says, nothing at all.
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"Touch Me" by The Doors

Released in July 1969, The Doors' fourth studio album The Soft Parade represented a change in tone and style for the ever-inventive band; replete with brass and string arrangements, it was also one of their most productive albums, yielding a total of four singles despite the controversy the album caused amongst fans and critics.

One of those singles was Touch Me - released in December 1968 in advance of the album, with the track Wild Child on its b-side; it would become the band's third #1 in the US, and also top the charts in Canada as well as graze the Top Ten in Australia, although it never even charted in the UK. Following the innovations of The Soft Parade, The Doors returned to a more pared-down sound for their next two albums - Morrison Hotel and L.A. Woman.

Here - on the anniversary of the 1971 death of Jim Morrison - is a little of his magic captured on film...
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Pop History Moment: The Death of Jim Morrison

On this day in 1971 Jim Morrison - formerly lead singer of The Doors and at his peak the sexiest man who has ever lived - was found dead in Paris, a bloated ruin at the age of 27...

Whether Morrison was or is a visionary artist or a drunken buffoon is and always will be irrelevant, since he was obviously both of these and more. How else to explain the cult that has since sprung up around his personality? Oliver Stone's 1991 film The Doors (as much as Val Kilmer's electrifying performance of him) are, despite their individual inaccuracies, the ultimate two-handed reacharound by a pair of Hollywood veterans at the top of their respective games; all that rubbing burnishes and buffs Morrison's best feature* to a very high gloss indeed.

For everyone of us who loves and admires a goody two shoes, there are a hundred of us who find arrogant douchebags more irresistibly charming by far, especially if they have cheekbones you can cling to and a bottom lip seemingly made of chewing gum. Oh, and that floppy hair... Hair as lustrous and touchable as the rest of him.

Waitaminnit... What were we talking about again?

Oh yeah! Blah blah blah on this day in 1971 Jim Morrison was found dead under suspicious circumstances** by longtime girlfriend Pamela Courson, but the French authorities ruled that since there was no evidence of foul play no autopsy would be performed. Morrison was later laid to rest in Paris' landmark Père Lachaise Cemetery, where his celebrity has persisted well after his death, as in life making things difficult for his neighbours owing to the constant presence about his once-mouldering person of vast crowds of over-emotional females with a frightening penchant for mob mentality.

Still, weep not for our fallen idol; as they say, 'like attracts like', and in his heyday no one got more cunt than Jim Morrison. Famous***, infamous, or wannabe - they all fell before the might of the Lizard King... Hell, he still gets more tail dead nearly forty years than most men get alive in their lifetime, mainly because he wrote poetry; let's face it, Jim Morrison may not have become a rock star for applause, but he surely became a poet for pussy. The fact that all he would have needed to get it was to look the way he did is neither here nor there.

His was the ultimate 'good life well-lived', which unfortunately made it one of the harder ones to survive, and so for maximum entertainment value was best executed by a celebrity; what, I find myself wondering as I ponder his legacy, would he have done differently had he known beforehand how it was going to turn out?

*Often referred to by the feeble euphemism 'charisma', by which one actually means 'cock'.
**In a bathtub, in France...  Most mysterious: what the bathtub was. Badump-tish!
***Nico, Grace Slick, and allegedly Janis Joplin!
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POPnews - July 3rd

[We at the Pop Culture Institute make no bones about the threat to humanity posed by the internal combustion engine - in fact, we'll witter on about it ad nauseum to anyone fool enough to listen; we do accept, though, that what we consider to be the greatest invention of all time - namely photography - may have enemies of its own.]

324 CE - At the Battle of Adrianople - during one of the Roman Empire's occasional civil wars - Constantine I defeated Licinius, who then fled to Byzantium.

987 CE - Hugh Capet was crowned King of France, thereby establishing the Capetian Dynasty, which ruled that country until the French Revolution swept it from power in 1792.

1608 - Québec City was founded by Samuel de Champlain.

1754 - During the French and Indian War, George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity to the French - an incident most famous today for having been referenced on The Simpsons in the classic episode Bart Gets an F.

1767 - Adresseavisen, Norway's oldest extant newspaper, published its first issue.

1778 - During the American Revolution Loyalist British forces led by Colonel John Butler killed 360 American Patriot men, women, and children in 45 minutes, then burned their village to the ground, in the Wyoming Valley Massacre; Butler was aided in his task by Seneca warriors Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter of the Iroquois Confederacy.

1844 - The last pair of Great Auks were killed on the Icelandic island of Geirfuglasker by Jón Brandsson and Sigurður Ísleifsson.

1863 - The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg culminated with Pickett's Charge.

1866 - The Austro-Prussian War was decided at the Battle of Königgratz, resulting in Prussia taking over as the prominent German nation from Austria.

1886 - Karl Benz officially unveiled the Benz Patent Motorwagen – the first purpose-built automobile.

1890 - Idaho became the 43rd US state.

1898 - During the Spanish-American War the Spanish fleet, led by Pascual Cervera y Topete and moored at the Cuban port of Santiago, was destroyed by the US Navy.

1913 - Confederate veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913 reenacted Pickett's Charge; upon reaching the high-water mark of the Confederacy they were met by the outstretched hands of friendship from Union survivors.

1938 - The world speed record for a steam railway locomotive was set in England, by the Mallard, which reached a speed of 126 mph (203 km/h).

1940 - The French fleet of the Atlantic based at Mers el Kébir was bombarded by the British fleet, coming from Gibraltar, causing the loss of three battleships: Dunkerque, Provence and Bretagne. 1,200 sailors died in the raid.

1962 - The Algerian War of Independence against colonial rule ended with the proclamation of Algeria as an independent state by French president Charles De Gaulle; two days later the fledgling nation's Provisional Executive re-made the declaration - on the 132nd anniversary of the invasion of Algeria - which is the day still celebrated there as the country's real Independence Day.

1988 - Istanbul's Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge was completed, providing a second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus, the first being the Bosphorus Bridge, opened in October 1973.

1996 - The Stone of Scone was returned to Scotland from its opulent captivity within St. Edward's Chair, which itself sits at the heart of the most sacred precincts of Westminster Abbey; it currently resides in the very different (although entirely equal, as per EC regulations) splendour of Edinburgh Castle.

2004 - Bangkok's subway system was officially opened.
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Happy Birthday Polly Holliday

As famous for delivering the catchphrase 'Kiss My Grits!' as she is for portraying the wisecracking Texan named Florence Jean Castleberry who regularly said it on the 1970s sitcom Alice*, Polly Holliday is obviously a gifted comedic actress; but on The Golden Girls in the 1980s she showed her more wistful side, playing Rose Nylund's blind sister Lily. She returned to kicking ass (mainly Tim Allen's), on Home Improvement in the 1990s, playing the mother-in-law from Hell.

*Shamefully, still not available on DVD.
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Pop History Moment: LBJ Announced His "Great Society"

On this day in 1964 US President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act as part of a series of reforms aimed at creating what he called a Great Society, by eliminating both poverty and racism...

The bill was followed by the Voting Rights Act and the appointment of the first black Supreme Court justice, Thurgood Marshall, giving the Civil Rights Movement much-needed momentum. The Pop Culture Institute feels certain that racial equality is on its way to America, any day now...
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POPnews - July 2nd

[In its typically melodramatic Victorian style, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper depicted the attack on US President James Garfield by Charles Guiteau, which occurred shortly after 9:30 AM on this day in 1881; here we see the stricken Chief Executive being supported by Secretary of State James G. Blaine immediately following the shooting, which occurred at the Sixth Street Station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad in Washington, DC. In the background the assassin is shown being restrained by members of the public.]
310 CE - Miltiades was elected Pope to succeed Eusebius.

626 CE - Fearing assassination, Li Shimin ambushed and killed his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng during the Incident at Xuanwu Gate; the following September Shimin's father Li Yuan abdicated in his favour and Shimin became Emperor of China as Taizong of Tang.

706 CE - Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had the remains of his father Gaozong of Tang, his wife and recently-deceased ruling empress Wu Zetian, her son Li Xian, her grandson Li Chongrun, and granddaughter Li Xianhui all re-interred in a new tomb complex known as the Qianling Mausoleum, which is located outside the former Tang capital Chang'an, on Mount Liang in Shaanxi province, 85 km (53 miles) northwest of Xi'an.

963 CE - The Byzantine Army proclaimed Nicephorus Phocas to be Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.

1298 - The Battle of Göllheim was fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg near the German town of Worms.

1494 - Pope Julius II's Treaty of Tordesillas - which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal - was ratified by Spain.

1644 - The Battle of Marston Moor was fought during the First English Civil War between an army of Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the Marquess of Newcastle against Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester; the battle effectively ended the Siege of York.

1808 - Simon Fraser reached the Pacific Ocean near New Westminster - having left South Fort George in the interior of British Columbia with a party of 24 on May 28th and traveled along the river that would one day bear his name - on behalf of the North West Company.

1839 - Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinque took over the slave ship La Amistad; 160 years later Steven Spielberg depicted these events in his film Amistad, in which Cinque was played with both grave determination and supreme hotness by Djimon Hounsou.

1878 - The Brighton Beach Line, connecting Prospect Park to Brighton Beach in Brooklyn by subway, opened; the route is now operated in New York City as the BMT Brighton Line.

1881 - Charles J. Guiteau shot and fatally wounded US President James Garfield, who eventually died in extreme agony - of a heart attack brought on by blood poisoning - on September 19th.

1890 - The US Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which called for the government to investigate and break up monopolies and cartels; although periodically altered over the ensuing years, it is the same law used to limit such crimes today.

1917 - The East St. Louis Riots ended with hundreds of whites marching into black neighbourhoods and setting fires, then cutting fire department hoses and shooting at those attempting to escape the flames.

1934 - The Night of the Long Knives ended with the death of Hitler's chief rival, Ernst Röhm.

1937 - Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan were last heard from over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight in a Lockheed L-10E Electra purchased by Purdue University, where Earhart was a member of the faculty. An earlier attempt, begun on March 17th in Los Angeles, was called off in Honolulu following its first leg, owing to various mechanical faults with the aircraft; a second attempt was more successful, taking them 35,000 km (22,000 miles) in the opposite direction. Taking off from Lae in New Guinea and bound for Howland Island in the middle of the Pacific, the pair's last known coordinates were off the Nukumanu Islands, about 1,300 km (800 miles) into the final 11,000 km (7,000 miles) of their flight...

1962 - The first Wal-Mart store opened for business in Rogers, Arkansas, giving Satan a reason to smile.

1976 - North and South Vietnam, divided since 1954, reunited to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

1979 - The first US coin to honor a woman - the Susan B. Anthony dollar - was introduced; minted from 1979 to 1981 and again in 1999, it was not a popular item, either because it depicted a rather dour looking woman or else because of the American fascination with the $1 bill. (After all, it's not easy to fill a stripper's g-string with coins.) The coin's reverse depicts the Apollo 11 moon mission. While Britain, Canada, and Australia have all replaced their smallest note with coins, Americans have been reluctant to embrace them - despite the preponderance of silver dollars and such which have been in circulation since 1794; currently, a program exists to honour all US Presidents with dollar coins, and perhaps these will prove a winner where similar coins honouring Eisenhower and Sacagawea have failed.

2008 - Ingrid Betancourt and 14 other FARC hostages - including Marc Gonsalves, Thomas Howes, and Keith Stansell (three American military contractors employed by Northrop Grumman) and 11 Colombian military and police - were successfully rescued by the Colombian armed forces from their place of captivity in the jungles of Guaviare as part of Operation Jaque; not a single shot was fired.
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Happy Birthday Dan Aykroyd

He burst into the public consciousness in October 1975 as one of the Not Ready For Prime Time Players on Lorne Michaels' brainchild Saturday Night Live; so momentous and memorable was Dan Aykroyd's work as part of that ensemble over the next five years that a decidedly spotty subsequent career has scarcely blemished his sterling reputation...

Aykroyd's talents as a writer, performer, singer (ably demonstrated as part of The Blues Brothers alongside John Belushi) and especially as an impressionist* made him a standout in a cast of standouts; no less an esteemed personage than Eric Idle, of Monty Python fame, once said that Aykroyd's ability to write and act out characters flawlessly made him the only member of the SNL cast capable of having been a Python. High praise indeed...

The highlights of Aykroyd's post-SNL career include The Blues Brothers, Ghostbusters, Dragnet (which featured his spot-on Jack Webb impersonation), and Driving Miss Daisy; the widest possible variety of Dan Aykroyd's talents, though, can best be viewed on Saturday Night Live, the first five seasons of which are now available on DVD**.

*Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon, and Tom Snyder among the best of them.
**And aren't those three of the sweetest words in the English language?
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